To evaluate transmission dynamics, we exposed 25 bird species to West Nile virus (WNV) by infectious mosquito bite.We monitored viremia titers, clinical outcome, WNV shedding (cloacal and oral), Shaving Gel seroconversion, virus persistence in organs, and susceptibility to oral and contact transmission.Passeriform and charadriiform birds were more
t-stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a nonparametric data visualization method in classical machine learning.It maps the data from the high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space, especially a two-dimensional plane, while maintaining the relationship or similarities between the surrounding points.In t-SNE, the initial position of the
Recent research has suggested that increasing neighbourhood tree species diversity may mitigate the impact of pests or pathogens by supporting the activities of their natural enemies and/or reducing the density of available hosts.In this study, we attempted to assess these mechanisms in a multitrophic study system of young oak (Quercus), oak powder
The green cone-headed planthopper, Acanalonia conica (Say, 1830) (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Flatidae), is native to North America and is already found in several European countries.The species is found to occur in Bulgaria and Türkiye for the first time and is the first representative of the family Acanaloniidae in both measuring cup count